The British Empire Essay Example for Free

The British Empire Essay The British Empire had the difficult time in defeating the Boers. It took them about three years, 1899-1902, to stop the Boers. The Boers signified to those pioneering individuals who attempted to create an autonomous nation for themselves in South Africa (see Weber, Mark. â€Å"The Boer War Remembered†). There are two Boer Wars happened in the world history. These are the First Boer War (1880-1881) and the Second Boer War (1899-1902). These wars were between the British Empire and the two self-governing Boer republics, which were the Orange Free State and the South African Republican and were founded by pioneers recognized as Voortrekkers who created the Great Trek originated in Cape Colony and were mostly of Dutch, German and French. These pioneers were frequently named as Boers and were primarily the Afrikaners’ descendants who dwelt in the Eastern Cape frontier. The war frequently named as the â€Å"Boer War† pertains to the Second Boer War (see â€Å"Boer War†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 3, 2006). The intents of this paper are to: (1) understand what Boer War is; (2) figure out the reason and effects of Boer War and; (3) discuss the first and second Boer Wars. II. Background The â€Å"Boer War†, also recognized as the South African War (1899-1902), has marked the first official dispatch of troops of Canada to a foreign war. During 1899, there were two conflicts and combats occurred between the Great Britain and South Africa’s two small republics. The two small republics were mentioned earlier, the Orange Free State and the South African Republican and were pioneered by Boers who were the descendants of the Dutch immigrants. The first descendants of Dutch in the region were not anticipated to survive against the greatest power of the world, which is the Great Britain. The Canadian citizens who were on the side of the Great Britain asked their government to lend a hand to the Empire; thus, â€Å"the war, they argued, pitted British freedom, justice, and civilization against Boer backwardness†. Despite the fact that there are several English-Canadians showed their support to the Britain Empire, yet majority of the French-Canadians and several of the present immigrants from nations other than Britain questioned why Canada â€Å"should fight in a war half way around the world. â€Å"There were approximately 7,000 Canadians, involving 12 women nurses, who rendered services during the war (see â€Å"Canada The South African War, 1899-1902. September 2, 2005). III. Discussion A. The reason and effects of Boer War Moreover, during 1899, Queen Victoria celebrated her Diamond Jubilee. During this time, the British Empire was on its top in terms of power and prestige. But despite of this high status and achievements, the High Commissioner of Cape Colony (Alfred Milner) wanted to have more. He desired to gain more economic power for the Empire by having interests of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State’s gold mines in the Dutch Boer republics. He desired to make a Cape-to-Cairo confederation of British colonies to control and govern the African continent. And in order to carry out his plan, Alfred Milner made a precipitated war against the Boers. The generals and politicians were very confident that the war will end ‘by Christmas’ as they usually have wars with other countries that only took for a short time. But in this case, they were having the difficult times in defeating the Boers and the war even took three years. In 1899 of October, the Boers invaded Natal and Cape Province (Boers used the principle ‘the key to a good defense is a good offense’ in the said attacked) and immediately invaded three towns namely the Mafeking, Kimberley and Ladysmith. This attacked forced the British to leave behind their first offensive and violent plans â€Å"in order to lift the sieges† (see â€Å"The Boer War: South Africa, 1899-1902). A. First Boer War The First Boer War is also recognized as the â€Å"Transvaal War†. Transvaal War started from December 16, 1880 up until March 23, 1881. It was the first battle between the Transvaal Boers and the British. It was led by Sir Theophilus Shepstone who took control of the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) in 1877 for the British. The British had strengthened and established their power and prestige over the South Africa’s colonies in 1879 right after the Anglo-Zulu War. The Boers started to protest and subsequently led to revolution in December 1880. The fight had started on December 16, 1880 along with the shots fired by Transvaal Boers at Potchefstroom when Transvaal officially promulgated independence from the Britain Empire. A fight occurred at Bronkhorstspruit on December 20, 1880 where the Boers ambushed and defeated the British army group. Since December 22, 1880 up until to January 6, 1881, the â€Å"British army garrison all over the Transvaal became besieged†. Moreover, the Boers clothed in their usual and daily farming clothing which were earth tone khaki clothes; unlike with the British uniforms which were bright scarlet red that enabled the Boers, who are expert marksmen, to identify and snipe the British troops even from a distance. After the war (in March 6, 1881), William Gladstone signed a treaty and the final peace treaty was on March 23, 1881. The British Empire set the Boers free and gave them independence â€Å"in the Transvaal under a theoretical British oversight† (see â€Å"First Boer War†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 1, 2006). B. Second Boer War The Second Boer War, is commonly known as the South African War (outside of South Africa), Afrikaans as the Anglo-Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog (the Second War of Independence), and the Anglo-Boer War (amongst several South Africans), started to have battle since 1899 of October 11 up until 1902 of May 31. The battle was between the British Empire and the two self-governing Boer republics of the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and of the Orange Free State. Prior to that, there was a discovery of gold in 1885 in Transvaal that kept the thousands of British and different miners and pioneers interested in their place and flowed over the border starting from the cape Colony and from across the globe. The Johannesburg’s city became a shanty town in a short span of time as the uitlanders continued to grow in number and dwelt close the mines. Because of this scenario, the uitlanders immediately grow in number compared to the Boers on the Rand yet still a minority in the Transvaal in general. The Afrikaners were anxious and indignant of the presence of the uitlanders and because of this; they did not give the uitlanders voting rights and overtax the gold industry. As a result, there was tension from the British mine owners and the uitlanders to revolt and defeat the Boer government. By the year 1895, Cecil Rhodes supported a failed coup d’etat which was backed up by armed invasion which was the Jameson Raid (see â€Å"Second Boer War† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 1, 2006). IV. Conclusion The British Empire during 1800 and 1900s was considered as one of the biggest and most prestige in all continents. However, the said Empire was not satisfied of what they have. The Empire’s greediness of wealth and power encouraged them to invade African continent in order to get and satisfy their selfish desires. Moreover, the Boers also show this kind of character when they were overpowered by the uitlanders and British mine owners. Its greediness to power and fame has led them to wars. References 1. Weber, Mark. â€Å"The Boer War Remembered†. http://www. boer. co. za/boerwar/weber. html 2. â€Å"Boer War†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 3, 2006. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Boer_War 3. â€Å"Canada the South African War, 1899-1902. September 2, 2005. http://www. warmuseum. ca/cwm/boer/boerwarhistory_e. html 4. â€Å"The Boer War: South Africa, 1899-1902. http://www. geocities. com/Athens/Acropolis/8141/boerwar. html 5. â€Å"First Boer War†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 1, 2006. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/First_Boer_War 6. â€Å"Second Boer War† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 1, 2006. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Second_Boer_War

Harassment of Women

Harassment of Women WOMEN HARASSMENT Identification of the cause Harassment covers a wide range of offensive or unwanted behavior in order to make other person uncomfortable. Most often women are the victims of harassment and the offenders are male. Harassment is a form of illegal and discrimination and all the human rights laws prohibit this act but ratio of the harassment is continuously increasing although laws are present in our society There are many factors of harassment which varies from situation to situation. The most significant factor is our culture, values and the relative power and status of the men and women in our society. The way women and men are brought up in our society influences their behavior. Women usually lack the confidence because since childhood their behavior is customized to suffer silence and make compromises. On the other hand men are brought up exactly opposite to women. Such patriarchal view creates an atmosphere that allows men the freedom of sexual harassment in the workplace. In recent years, social and political changes have brought the power game. Advancement of women in career, their independence at work threatened the men. So in the tough times men try to insist on sexual favors in exchange for benefits he can give out due to his position. Harassment is a worldwide growing problem in every sector whether its government sector, private sector, schools or institute. Harassment hinders with people’s educational path and career and productivity. The effects of harassment can be physical, emotional, and psychological. Harassment at workplace is deepening its roots which cause adverse effects to the growth of economy which leads to lower morale and low productivity, increase in absenteeism and employee turnover that cost a lot to any organization. Global Overview of Sexual Harassment In the study of sexual harassment, comparisons across global societies are difficult .This is due to the differences in definition and perception of each society in the world. However, to understand the dynamics of harassment, it is essential to look at trends globally to understand the severity of the matter and why it is important to explore this problem in a different perspective. The discussion below clearly shows that globally, regardless whether in the United States, Europe or Asia; the focus of sexual harassment study is primarily focused on women and in the instances of the sample comprising of both sexes, the study focused on understanding the trends and problems from the victimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ perspective. United States Two major studies were conducted by the US Merit Systems Protection Board among US Federal Government employees. The first study, conducted in 1980, taking a sample group of 23,000 male and female employees which concluded that 42 % of women and 15 % of men were victims of overt sexual harassment in the past two years (Aggarwal, 1992). The other study in 1988 reported that about 36,000 federal employees left their job due to sexual harassment between 1985 and 1987 (Aggarwal, 1992). The US Merit Systems Protection Board estimated that it had cost US$267 million for the Federal Government in replacing employees who have left their jobs due to sexual harassment (Aggarwal, 1992). This figure itself reflects the severity of this issue when it is translated into financial means. In 1988, the other research by Working Women magazine conducted a sexual harassment survey of about 500 manufacturing and service companies in the US. The study concluded that at least 15% employees had been sexual ly harassed within the last 12 months (Aggarwal, 1992). In 1990, the study undertaken by the American Bar Association Young Lawyers Division showed that 85% of female lawyers and 78% of male lawyers had experienced one form of sexual harassment (Tengku Omar Maimunah, 2000). Another report published by the American Association of University Women (AAUW) on a national survey of 2,064 public school students found that 83% of girls compared to 79% of boys reported having experienced sexual harassment (Cummings Armenta, 2002). In Seattle, a study of city employees found that more than one-third of all respondents involved in the study (579 respondents) were sexually harassed in the previous 24 months of employment (Gutek, 1985). Dunwoody-Miller and Gutek (1985) found that 20 percent of California State civil service employees reported being sexually harassed at work in the previous 5 years from the date of the research. Gutek (1985) in her study on American women suggested that up to 53 percent of women had been sexually harassed some time in their working life. Europe Sexual Shakedown : In England 1978, the Sexual Harassment of Women on the Job was published to bring public attention towards sexual harassment and also make people aware of this issue as social problem.In United Kingdom, in 1976, over 9,000 women responded to a survey on sexual harassment conducted by Red Magazine. Which shows that more than 92% of these respondents reported that they perceived sexual harassment as a problem whereby 9-10% of the respondents reported that they had personally experienced one or more forms of unwanted sexual attention at the workplace (Dunwoody-Miller Gutek, 1985)? A study carried out in Sweden reported that 17 percent of about 2,000 women surveyed in 1988 stated that they tolerated obscene language, sexual innuendoes, groping, lewd suggestions and outright rape attempts in the workplace. In Germany, a poll carried out in 1990 in Frankfurt found that 25 percent out of 9,000 women surveyed reported sexual harassment. Another survey in1992 disclosed that two thirds of women reported being regularly harassed, but nearly 50 percent of their male colleagues did not think their behavior was offensive (Earle Madek, 1993). Finland, a nationally representive Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Safety study reported that 19.6% of women experienced a range of harassment behaviours over a one year period (Heiskanen Piispa, 1998). In a French National Survey on Violence Against Women, which asked about the incidents both at work and in public areas occurring in the last year, 15% of the women reported some form of harassment (Jaspard, 2001). In Italy, 24.4% of women between the ages of 14 and 59 reported at least one type of sexual harassment in the last three years (Sabbadini, 1998). Asia China had recently begun to undertake a sexual revolution (Farrer, 2000; Sha, Xiong Gao, 1994) along with the public concern about sexual behavior, media reports also suggest that the estimated growth of sexual harassment has also risen in salience as a societal focus, leading to serious counter-harassment efforts by the government (Fu, 2005). In 2000, the data taken from the survey conducted by Chinese Health and Family Life, a study was carried out to see the occurrence and the factors for sexual harassment in China. It was the first study conducted to use overall population sample to study all types of harassment committed in China. The sample of 3,821 participants was taken, and it represented the adult population of china between ages of 20-64 years. It resulted 15.1% of urban women reported some form of harassment in the previous year (Parish et.al, 2006). Sexual harassment in India is also regarded as a serious issue which has always been not reported due to social stigmas. A survey conducted by the Gender Study Group at Delhi University found that most women respondents felt that harassment comprises of male behavior that could be overlooked and ignored; it amounted to sexual harassment only when it crossed the threshold of their tolerance (Report on Sexual Harassment, 1996). A study conducted by the gender group ant took the sample of students of Delhi University and showed that 91.7 per cent of all the hostalite women and 88.2 per cent of the women had faced sexual harassment on the roads and within the campus (Report on Sexual Harassment, 1996). The percentage of Sexual harassment in India is very high and most of the cases are gone unreported. It is high time for the government of India to pass a effective legislation for women harassment and for the restored of sexually harassed women. Sexual harassment is known as â€Å"seku hara† in Japan. In 1989, the first study of sexual harassment was undertaken by a group known as Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Network. They collected data from 70 complainants and found that out of this, 40 had left their jobs due to their experiences. Their harassers were mostly married men with responsible jobs. A report made by the Japanese Trade Union Confederation discovered that 40 percent of working women said that they experienced some form of harassment in their life. Out of this, 2 percent reported that they were forced to have a relationship (Samirah, 1999). In the Asian region too, several countries have adopted legislation to address sexual harassment as well. For example, Sri Lanka amended its Penal Code in 1995 to include sexual harassment, defined according to an „unwelcomeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ standard. The law states whoever, sexually harasses the other person, or by the use any foul language or actions, or cause s sexual annoyance or harassment to other person commits the offense of sexual harassment (Action against Sexual Harassment at workplace in Asia, 2001). Elsewhere, Bangladesh enacted the Suppression of Violence against Women and Children Act in the year 2000. This law states that if any male, trying to illegally satisfy his sexual desires, abuses the modesty of woman or makes any indecent gesture, his act shall be considered as sexual harassment (Action against Sexual Harassment at workplace in Asia, 2001). The Philippines also has an Anti-Sexual Harassment Act, introduced in 1995, to prohibit sexual harassment by anyone having authority, influence, or moral ascendancy over another. A survey conducted in the Philippines reported that 17 percent of 43 unionized and 291 non-unionized establishments had records of cases pertaining to sexual harassment (Action against Sexual Harassment at workplace in Asia, 2001). In the Republic of Korea, a study conducted by the Law Consumer Union in Seoul in October 2000, constituted of 567 public officers of whom 345 men and 222 women were taken for the survey and they found that almost 70 per cent of women and 30% of men said that they had at some time experienced sexual harassment. In 1999 the Korean Institute of Criminology concluded that 64% women respondents said they faced verbal harassment, 35 per cent reported physical harassment, and 34 percent had experienced visual harassment. Current situation in Pakistan Our society is complex. We claim to be democratic and free; however we never talk about myriad deep rooted issues that have injured our society. We declare to be an Islamic state, then why our women feel safer in Europe and America than this Islamic Islam who claims to give women rights. Our state and people are diplomatic actually, we fight for Aafia Siddiqui who had been tortured and assaulted by American soldiers, but we forget the countless of our Aafias who are assaulted, murdered in the name of honor, sexually harassed, tortured, raped and harassed daily within our beloved country. Many of our women kept themselves quiet over this injustice because they do not want to embarrass their families or to become the gossip of the town in doing so they don’t help to stop harassment. Few months ago, Human Rights regulator reported that 68% women are sexually harassed in Pakistan. If we look at the definition of sexual harassment, you would surely find those behaviors and gestures that are quite familiar in our society. In fact, constant staring, deliberately touching someone’s body, making sexually explicit comments, are all so common that many of us now don’t consider that harassment. Now we consider it daily routine matter. Sexual harassment is a form of gender discrimination. Men may be subjected to harassment but majority of the victims are women. In addition to the growing awareness about the adverse impact of sexual harassment there have been increasing efforts are taking place around the world to break the silence and also taking proactive steps in addressing it. Many sexually harassed persons put up with damaging physical and psychological effects because taking action can be frightening especially in the environment that do not provide practical and moral support. Most sufferers are ashamed and embarrassed and worry that they will be labeled as characterless women or otherwise a mistaken behavior and therefore women prefer to keep quiet about it. Unfortunately our society is a male dominated society. A working woman finds herself being harassed by its male colleagues in different ways such as staring, trying to touch her in a way that it doesn’t look awkward, standing too close to them, making them uncomfortable or just make her life miserable in order to show the power of being male. Whether a woman is working in a media channel or in a newspaper, a multinational organization, a fashion industry or in a university as a teacher or a student, women are usually the topic of their jokes. The problem is innate and nearly every third man in our country considers it a form of recreation instead of crime. In fact, when a victim who is most often a woman does speak out against the unwelcome behavior, the focus falls on her demeanor, her appearance and how she carried herself rather than on the assailant, and his shameless behavior. There are many causes but the most common fact is that male colleagues see their female counterp art is working because she is needy and needs money for her family and don’t accept them as their competitor. That’s a misconception because women not only have been stealing the top positions from men in almost every field, but they have also been found more stable under pressure and hardworking than men who tend to lose temperament when pressurized. They take female perspective to matters which give an added advantage to the employers and making the environment more competitive. So why doesn’t anyone put an end to this menace? Harassment is an entrenched issue in the Pakistan that needs continuous attention and demands secrecy. Although legal and institutional systems are present, but implementing the laws is still remains a challenge in our country. It will take more effort than just passing a law to save the women because until the necessary steps are not taken, women will continue to feel unsafe in our male-dominated society. Action plan When it comes to preventing harassment, we must need to look at the root cause of gender inequality and discrimination. There has been a trend that whenever the â€Å"gender gap† is greater such as in the condition of women’s health, their participation in the economy, low education levels, and lesser representation in politics. At this scenario women are more likely to experience violence and harassment. That means we need to take a long-term, universal and comprehensive approach that identify and protect women and provide equal human rights. So we must promote a culture of equality between men and women via institutional and legal reform, education, and awareness-raising and with the full cooperation of men and boys. Proactive steps: Harassment can be prevented at initial stages. Schools and institutes can play an important role to prevents violence and sexual behavior through education and information; develop a learning material to support safety education for children and young people so they are taught about sexual rights and safety skills in their basic schooling. The learning material should be invulnerable to society and our culture. This goal can be accomplished through awareness training and campaigns about gender discrimination and its psychological and physiological effects on people and through teaching skills we can also create empowerment among students to stand up for themselves when they experience any form of harassment. Training: Training can play a vital role in reducing harassment. We can create awareness about harassment through campaigns and training programmes’ in which they provide information and education about harassment on a regular basis to maintain a healthy environment When the circulation of information, communication and guidance about harassment take place it will strengthen the individuals to break the silence which often surrounds cases of harassment. Information sessions, personnel meetings, group discussion and problem-solving groups can prove very effective in the way of coping with violence by means of procedure and staff development programme on sexual harassment at work. Anti harassment policy: One should clearly define what constitutes under harassment. The anti harassment policies do not ensure that there would be complaint. In order to have effective policy we must communicate to everyone, clearly mention that all the teachers, students or staff are included so everybody knows what behaviors are intolerable and leads to punishment. Recently, the Government of Pakistan has introduced the law against the women harassment but the implementation is still difficult. So in order to make healthier environment, within the institutes or corporate must have their own anti harassment policies and procedures and ensure that response against harasser must be quick and efficient to stop the culture of despair and freedom of punishment and promote a culture of justice and support. Small scale implementation We are going to implement training awareness programmes and anti harassment policy to ensure the healthy environment for women to study. It will also provide protection and support to those who are harassed. This strategy will implement to public universities where the problem exists and no regulatory system is there to prevent such behaviors. Sometimes female students are being harassed by their male teachers or other male students. Because these institutes do not have any policy to prevent students from harassment in that scenario women have few options either drop the courses or put a stop to their higher education or let things happen the way they are. The policy applies to everyone whoever experience harassment he or she can go to complaint cell and report the complaint. It is the responsibility of the department to take necessary steps and quickly investigate and deal with all the complaints against harassment. Anti harassment policy is very important because when a teacher or a student commits harassment the chances of taking stand against them is low because there is no policy to which they can go or discuss the situation. Most women do not want to jeopardize their career so they keep their silence and this allows a male to keep harassing women that causes psychological effects. In order to maintain healthy and competitive environment this policy will help to provide equal opportunities and ways to cope with situation. Human resource department must introduce anti harassment department for all the staff and students and ensure the privacy. Clearly communicate the policies and procedure to everyone for dealing with harassment and also mention the consequences of breaking the policy. To ensure the effectiveness of the policy, the controlling department must get feedback from the sufferers. Keep monitoring and revise the policy when necessary and educate and give trainings on regular basis to make certain its effectiveness in the institute. Financials: In order to execute the plan we require personnel, equipment, furniture etc and estimate the monthly cost. Table: Events: Table: Personnel: Table: Equipment:

The United States Vs. The European Union: An Ethical Analysis of Software Patents :: Patents Compare Contrast Essays

The United States Vs. The European Union: An Ethical Analysis of Software Patents Introduction Patents have become a major part of technology in our society. The overall purpose of patents is to promote the disclosure of innovations so that others may make improvements based on those new technologies, while at the same time rewarding those who came up with the invention. They give the inventor of an innovation a monopoly of their innovation for a limited amount of time. After the time period has expired, anyone is free to use the innovation as they wish. Patents have worked well over the past century, enabling innovators to make technological improvements that would have been impossible without the help of prior inventions. Software Engineering is an engineering field that is very new relative to the other areas of science and engineering. Software Engineering is very different from any other kind of engineering. Ethically it is unreasonable to be able to apply the old patent laws to this new field of Software Engineering, without making any modifications to the laws. Software patents are not wrong entirely, in that it is still good to provide rewards to those who innovate. According the United States patent system, ideas are not patentable, while innovations are patentable. Software engineering blurs the line between ideas and innovation, in that software can be viewed as both an idea in the sense that it is a series of mathematical expressions, or it can be viewed as an innovation in that it can be delivered as an executable product. If patents are to be issued for software, a different system of laws governing software innovations needs to be established. The discrepancy on how to treat patents in software is illustrated by the opposing stances of the United States (who issues software patents) and the European Union (who does not issue software patents). History of Patents The main idea behind patents is to promote technological innovations. For there to be technological innovation for society as a whole, two things must happen. First, people must be able to study other people's innovations in order to further technology in society, because they can use the ideas of others to make even greater innovations. Second, people must have incentive to innovate. The most obvious solution to the first idea would be to make all innovations public, so that as soon as someone invents something, others are free to build off of it to further technology.

Mechanics: Statics And Dynamics :: essays research papers fc

Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.........................................................1 Chapter I. General Principles........................................2 I. Systems of Force.........................................4 II. Stress..................................................6 III. Properties of Material.................................7 IV. Bolted and Welded Joints................................10 V. Beams -- A Practical Application.........................13 VI. Beam Design.............................................17 VII. Torsional Loading: Shafts, Couplings, and Keys........19 VIII. Conclusion............................................20 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................21 INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mechanics is the physical science concerned with the dynamic behavior of bodies that are acted on by mechanical disturbances. Since such behavior is involved in virtually all the situations that confront an engineer, mechanics lie at the core of much engineering analysis. In fact, no physical science plays a greater role in engineering than does mechanics, and it is the oldest of all physical sciences. The writings of Archimedes covering bouyancy and the lever were recorded before 200 B.C. Our modern knowledge of gravity and motion was established by Isaac Newton (1642-1727).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mechanics can be divided into two parts: (1) Statics, which relate to bodies at rest, and (2) dynamics, which deal with bodies in motion. In this paper we will explore the static dimension of mechanics and discuss the various types of force on an object and the different strength of materials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term strength of materials refers to the ability of the individual parts of a machine or structure to resist loads. It also permits the selection of materials and the determination of dimensions to ensure the sufficient strength of the various parts. General Principles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before we can venture to explain statics, one must have a firm grasp on classical mechanics. This is the study of Newton's laws and their extensions. Newton's three laws were originally stated as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed on it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. The change of motion is proportional to the motive force impressed and is made in the direction in which that force is impressed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction; or the mutual actions of two bodies on each other are equal and direct to contrary parts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newton's law of gravitational attraction pertains to celestrial bodies or any object onto which gravity is a force and states: â€Å"Two particles will be attracted toward each other along their connecting line with a force whose magnitude is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the distance squared between the particles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When one of the two objects is the earth and the other object is near the surface of the earth (where r is about 6400 km) / is essentially constant, then the attraction law becomes f = mg.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another essential law to consider is the Parallelogram Law.

Are You Unique? (for Cloning) :: essays research papers fc

You have been told that you are unique. The belief that there is no one else like you in the whole world has made you feel special and proud. In the near future, this belief may not be true. The world was stunned by the news in the summer of 1995, when a British embryologist named Ian Wilmut, and his research team, successfully cloned Dolly the sheep using the technique of nuclear transfer. Replacing the DNA of one sheep’s egg with the DNA of another sheep’s udder created Dolly. Plants and lower forms of animal life have been successfully cloned for many years, but before Wilmut's announcement, it had been thought by many to be unlikely that such a procedure could be performed on larger mammals and life forms. The world media was immediately filled with heated discussions about the ethical implications of cloning. Some of the most powerful people in the world have felt compelled to act against this threat. President Clinton swiftly imposed a ban on federal funding for human-cloning research. Bills were put in the works in both houses of Congress to outlaw human cloning because it was deemed as a fundamentally evil thing that must be stopped. But what, exactly, is bad about it? From an ethical point of view, it is difficult to see exactly what is wrong with cloning human beings. The people who are afraid of cloning tend to assume that someone would, for example, break into Napoleon's Tomb, steal some DNA and make a bunch of emperors. In reality, infertile people who use donated sperm, eggs, or embryos would probably use cloning. Do the potential harms outweigh the benefits of cloning? From what we know now, they don't. Therefore, we should not rush placing a ban on a potentially useful method of helping infertile, genetically at-risk, homosexual, or single people to become parents. Do human beings have a right to reproduce? No one has the moral right to tell another person that they should not be able to have children, and I don't see why Bill Clinton has that right either. If humans have a right to reproduce, what right does society have to limit the means? Essentially all reproduction done these days is with medical help at delivery, and even before. Truly natural human reproduction would make pregnancy-related death the number one killer of adult women. Some forms of medical help are more invasive than others.

Organisation Study at Minar Ispat PVT LTD Essay

Mr.Muhammed shafi, the managing Director of â€Å"Minar group† of companies with its corporate office at palakkad, Kerala, India mainly engaged in manufacture and supply of various steel and allied products in the country for the past decade and a half .markets its products in the country through a wide dealers network. Beside Steel Industries, Minar group is an also engaged field like Construction, Education, Health, etc Minar ispat (p) ltd,an ISO 9001:2000 certified company in the year 2006 at anakuzhikkara p.o,kuttikatoor ,Kozhikode, and Kerala, India is engaged in manufacturing and marketing of high quality Cold Twisted Deformed(CTD) Bars and Rods and Thermo Mechanical Treated (TMT) Bars Quality M.S Ingots. They ensure their quality through ONLINE COMPUTER CONTROLLED QUENCHING BOX manufactured and erected by M/s RA TMT Bangalore whose technology is approved by the auditors of CRM(Centre For Research in Metallurgy) Belgium for using the â€Å"TEMPCORE† Trade Mark for their products i.e., the license/trade mark issued to the products quality (quality parameters)confirming to the international standards. STRENGTHS The company has obtained ISO 9001-2000 certification Centralized management Good training system Good organizational climate Excellent infrastructure for manufacturing the products Skilled employees Availability of iron ore Availability of labour at low wage rates OPPORTUNITIES High demand of product Introduction of promotional activities Expansion of distributional areas Unexplored rural market Export penetration THREATS Competition from other manufacturers Raw material cost is high and increasing Transportation cost is high Slow industry growth Technological changes Price sensitivity and demand volatility FINDINGS,CONCLUSIONS,SUGGESTIONS FINDINGS Minar ispat pvt ltd produced high quality goods with QC techniques. High competition in the field of steel industry The working environment is very risky The use of TMT technology made great impact on the sales volume The Minar Ispat Pvt Ltd ‘main sales promotion tool is Advertisement through television. The Minar Pvt Ltd has been working with an efficient organizational structure The organization is now showing a profitable position Minar Ispat Pvt Ltd, showing an excellent operational efficiency in all areas. The performance of the Minar is exemplary in market compared to other similar institution. The accounting system is fully computerized. SUGGESTIONS The organization should recruit fresh candidates by imparting necessary training and development so that fresh ideas can be implemented. The organization should try to maintain a better working environment. Implement innovative marketing. Appoint a market research team to know the day change in the market and product. So as to compete with there competitors, the company should improve their quality products by introducing modern technology. This will improve the quality of their products. The organization should give promotion to the workers on the basis of their performance. Consider the employees suggestion  while taking decision in the organization. To keep daily maintenance in the organization. More advertisement technique should used for increasing sales volume. CONCLUSION This industrial training has been completed within frame work laid down in the objective of the study. This study has depicted the overall performance of the organization and its efficiency. From the analysis, it is clear that the organization has been working under the efficient organizational structure. The study is indicating the production activities, financial, performance, operational efficiency, HR activities etc.from the analysis it is clear that the organization follow a good system of organizational efficiency and effectiveness.

Lord of the Flies vs. A Separate Peace Essay

In the World Book Dictionary, jealousy is defined as being in an envious condition or feeling. Many can relate to this feeling, because they have personally experienced jealousy before. Although these people may share a similar feeling, the way each individual acts upon his/her feeling is different. Some just ignore their jealous feeling, hoping that it would quickly go away so that they can go on with their daily lives. Others become so overwhelmed that they actually may act on their emotions, expecting that their action would make them feel better. Usually, the contrary occurs. The person does not feel better about himself; instead, bitter feelings, a loss of respect, or even a loss of friendship are common consequences. In the novels Lord of the Flies by William Golding and A Separate Peace by John Knowles, the characters Jack and Gene both experience jealously towards another person, and their actions, motivations, and feelings all circumnavigate around jealousy. In Lord of the Flies, once Jack realizes that Ralph is going to become chief, he totally changes and becomes the antagonist. First of all, Jack acts out on his jealousy by attempting to harm Ralph. Although Jack’s scheme to kill Ralph is unsuccessful, Ralph is still very close to death. In the novel, the reader knows that Jack is plotting to kill Ralph because Samneric informs Ralph, â€Å"They’re going to hunt you tomorrow†¦[Jack] sharpened a stick at both ends.† When Samneric reports that Jack sharpened a stick at both ends, they imply that Jack’s cult plans to decapitate Ralph and stick the prized possession on an end of the stick like it did to the sow. Jack desires to use the head as an offering for the Beastie, a fictional monster that the boys believe haunts the island. As stated before, Jack decides to create a clan from his motivations that arise because of his jealousy. Moreover, since Jack knows that Ralph is always going to be elected chief no matter how many times the group of boys vote, Jack starts his own clan and elects himself as chief. When he does this, he openly tells his colleagues, â€Å"Anyone who wants to hunt when I do can come too.† By stating this, he is simply persuading people to support his feat. As Jack plans the death of Ralph, he does not feel any sense of remorse or guilt for plotting to kill his old friend. Jack is just excited that there will be a big hunt for Ralph. Gene also transforms drastically in A Separate Peace after he realizes that he will never be as athletic as Finny. Finny has always been able to accomplish goals and achievements that no one else can reach. Furthermore, Gene becomes jealous. In response to his covetousness, Gene harms Finny by â€Å"[taking] a step toward [Finny], and then [Gene’s] knees bent and [Gene] jounced the limb.† Gene does this so quickly that he does not realize the consequences in jerking the tree limb. He does not know that his action would affect the rest of Finny’s life. Unlike Jack though, Gene does not seek the support of his friends. All Gene wants is for Finny to understand that Gene did not hurt Finny on purpose, and he is greatly sorry. However, when Gene attempts to explain this to Finny, Finny just brushes it off and tries to convince Gene otherwise. He says, â€Å"I don’t know, I must have just lost my balance. It must have been that†¦I just fell.† Another difference is that after Gene shakes the limb and makes Finny fall and break his leg, he feels guilty about his act of jealousy. Gene actually goes up to Finny numerous times to explain that Gene was actually the one who made Finny break his leg, but Finny does not listen. Finny just stubbornly sticks to his reason to â€Å"[being] clumsy and not watching where [he] was stepping.† Ultimately, Gene is immersed with sorrow and guilt. His envy for Finny not only backfires; it creates endless shame and remorse. In the novels Lord of the Flies by William Golding and A Separate Peace by John Knowles, the main characters’ actions, motivations, and feelings are all outcomes of their jealousy towards another. Jack and Gene share the similarity of attempting to harm another due to their envious motivation. Yet, they are different as seen through their ultimate feelings. Both Jack and Gene aspire to become equal to their rivals, even if they must harm their friends to accomplish self-fulfillment. In the end, Gene suffers from guilt while Jack cannot be more pleased when his newly established clan obeys him to kill Ralph. Richard Griper says it best: â€Å"Jealousy is nothing unless you act upon it.†